Throne Dynamics Community Division recommends the following article from Volume 93 Number 883 September 2011 of the International Review of the Red Cross:

Engaging non-state armed actors in state and peace-building: options and strategies

From the abstract to the paper by Claudia Hofmann and Ulrich Schneckener:

Armed actors dominate contemporary conflict environments dramatically. Their degree of dispersion, influence, and effect on international politics make it necessary to establish strategies for interaction with them. This article makes a contribution by assessing particular strategies and their suitability and applicability with regard to specific actors. First, it delineates options for dealing with armed actors based on three perspectives from international relations theory: realist, institutionalist, and constructivist. Second, it matches these perspectives to the capabilities of international actors. Finally, it offers an assessment of the difficulties that arise from the plurality of forms of armed actors, as well as of external actors.

Full awareness of the presented boundaries and terms of conflict within noncooperative arenas is incumbent on every investor, partner, and client in these dangerous times.

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